Baking soda is great for super glue, since it's a cheap powder form of accelerator. The bicarbonate acts as the base the cyanoacrylate reacts with, and it sets up instantly. Talc should also act as somewhat of an accelerator since it is a hydrated magnesium silicate, and does provide hydroxy ions necessary for the reaction to occur; however, talc is hydrophobic (repels moisture), and moisture is what super glue needs to set up properly. Actually, straight, old-fashioned water should probably work just as good, since both the methyl and ethyl fractions polymerize quickly in the presence of moisture.
My guess is that the liquid you describe is unreacted material. When you added the baking soda, it reacted with what it came into contact with and no more. It could be you started with way too much super glue and not enough reactant.
Gip Winecoff