Marcus:
So far as I know there are no paintings or photos of the Constitution in her odd white'red paint scheme. If there were, Martin's research would have turned them up.
I have read through Martin's text in that instance and looked at the sources he cited for that chapter. In the text he quotes someone, probably Capt. Percival or one of the ship's officers, with regard to the Brazilian's reaction to the odd paint job. If he is using a direct quote, it seems certain it is from a primary source. I could not imagine Martin using such a quote that did not come from a primary source.
Looking at the bibliography for that chapter, the most likely primary sources would be either the ship's log or one of the several journals kept by the midshipmen on board. I checked Martin's website where he gives excerpts from the ship's log and there is no mention of the paint job in the log excerpts. One would think if the paint job had been noted in the log, Martin would have excerpted that on his website. He did not, so that leaves the midshipmen's journals noted in the bibliography as the most likely sources for the description of the white and red paint job in 1844.
If you are really curious, go to Martin's website and send him an email asking him for the source for that detail. I am sure he can tell you where he found it.
Russ