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How were steam/sailing ships like the Kearsarge operated?

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  • Member since
    December 2002
  • From: Harrisburg, PA
How were steam/sailing ships like the Kearsarge operated?
Posted by Lufbery on Tuesday, February 6, 2007 2:03 PM

Hi all,

I understand how sailing ships work -- they are powered by wind and (if small enough) by sweeps.

I understand how steamships work -- they have side wheels or propellers.

In both cases, the captain is basically limited to the one technology if he wants his ship to move. But the steam/sail hybrids that cropped up before and during the Civil War offered their captains at least three choices: 

  1. Sail only
  2. Steam only
  3. A combination of steam and sail

But, how did their captains actually operate the ships? Were there standard procedures that the navies followed? Use sails only when all the coal is gone? Sail when conserving coal is necessary? Sail when the weather is favorable?

I suspect that most captains simply steamed where they needed to go and didn't use the sails much, but I'm not sure.

What do you folks think?

Regards, 

-Drew

Build what you like; like what you build.

  • Member since
    April 2005
  • From: Baton Rouge, LA
Posted by T_Terrific on Tuesday, February 6, 2007 2:50 PM

Generally, when they had both, they usually preferred to operate on steam only, as it required mainly "pointing the ship in a direction and going there" as compared with having to adjust the sails for various wind directions and conditions, as well as fighting it "upwind".

In that case, the sails were seen as "auxiliary", that is there if something happened to the main boilers, or in some rare cases to augmet the steam power for greater speed, which was not for a very long run. Of course, then again, you had the potential problem of the sails hindering you again if the wind shifted or you had to change course.

Tom Cowboy [C):-)]

Tom TCowboy

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  • Member since
    November 2005
  • From: Formerly Bryan, now Arlington, Texas
Posted by CapnMac82 on Tuesday, February 6, 2007 4:59 PM

What I remember, from back, long ago, in Operations classes, was that the sail-and-steam combo was used as the oeprations "tempo" required.

The sailing rig was required, generally, as a boiler or plant break down would not "strand" the ship in mid-mission.  Or, given the less-than precise engineering of the day, running out of fuel creates another issue too. 

If a captain were off to, oh, answer a call from an American consul on, say the Orinoco, sailing most of the way would make operational sense, with favoarble winds.  But, very probably, one would want to conserve some portion of coal stores to be able to steam up river as needed, to address the specific tactical situation.

The problem of combined steam and sail, though, is that it's a good idea, just not very practical.  The favorable wind conditions are just the sort of conditions that spew embers on one's sails.  In addition, there's specific rigging requirements for setting sail, or for setting some of the stacks used.  Kind of a case where one can have one or the other, but not both.

I want to remember that weather conditions played a part, too,  There were some storm conditions which precluded shoveling coal into the relatively open burn grates.  Which would/could be exacerbated by the need for open pathways for combustion and exhaust air being less-than compliant with proper "battening of hatches" as it were.

The finicky bit of these sorts of things is what "drove" or "forced" the eventual integration of engineering officers into the Navy's "Line" officer ranks.  Commanding officers had to be versed well enough in power operations to make reasoned assessments of the operational needs of their ships.

  • Member since
    September 2006
  • From: Lewiston ID
Posted by reklein on Tuesday, February 6, 2007 8:25 PM
Interesting subject, an advantage of steam over sail would be that the weather gauge would become a non-factor, in a combat situation. Also just looking at the models of different types of ships it appeared that the size of the guns increased as the number of guns went down. Some of the steam propeller ships had retractable propellers for use under sail. I also understand it was a miseable job at the capstan to get the props up and sown.
  • Member since
    December 2002
  • From: Harrisburg, PA
Posted by Lufbery on Wednesday, February 7, 2007 3:15 PM

Thanks for the responses, guys. I neven even thought about cinders from the smoke stack endangering the sails.

Regards,

-Drew

Build what you like; like what you build.

  • Member since
    November 2005
  • From: Formerly Bryan, now Arlington, Texas
Posted by CapnMac82 on Wednesday, February 7, 2007 3:30 PM

 Lufbery wrote:
Thanks for the responses, guys. I neven even thought about cinders from the smoke stack endangering the sails.

I found a scribbled note, alas without proper citation in my antique 1924 Bluejacket's Manual reminding me to look up an earlier tome for the reference to "modern improvements in coal fixtures."  The process of designing the bunkers to hold and then distrubute coal while at sea was learned "the hard way."  I remember, but cannot cite (too mush stuff, too little time) a notice about how a recent (ca 1890) boiler modification would end the risk of coalers having burning coals escape the grates and trap them against the coaling deck.

The men who manned our earliest steam plants probably do not get nearly enough recognition.  Working in horrific extremes of heat, with equipment of sometime dubious quality or mean-time-between-failures.  To also be at rsik to discover that certain pitch/roll angles might tump an entire boiler's coal back out on deck, or the bunker scuttles could bury an unwary man.  Truely a time of note.

  • Member since
    January 2006
Posted by EPinniger on Saturday, February 10, 2007 1:27 PM

 reklein wrote:
I also understand it was a miseable job at the capstan to get the props up and sown.

I think the propeller on HMS Warrior (1860s Royal Navy steam-and-sail ironclad) required about two-thirds of the ship's crew to raise using the capstans. Not sure if it was the same on other ships of the period.

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