1. 60/40 paint to thinner usually is a good starting point. but it depends on the color, brand of paint, and your airbrush. thats something you have to tweak yourself and jot it down or remember it.
2. Yes. i thin beyond 50/50 many times for different weathering. tamiya smoke is a wonderful color for all sorts of effects. try that one for exhaust stains, machine gun stains, and panel line shading, also good for the shadow effect.
3. i like to use tamiya Buff for desert dust, and leather, wood, and other colors look good for dust too. leather and wood are mm enamels. i usually thin them about 40/60 paint to thinner, pressure is about 12psi, and i'm about 3-6 inches from the surface of the subject and dust it lightly and build up the effect you want. later.