To answer the first question: if I have a decal with a lot of white that is to go on a dark color or an irregular background like camouflage as you mentioned; I put it down over a white background. Two ways to get the background, well three if you count just doing a double decal.
If the graphic is regular, such as a US national insignia, I'll mask the exact or slightly smaller area with tape over white primer. Remove tape after all painting, before decal application.
If the graphic isn't regular or is otherwise difficult to mask, I will print the decal backwards on the back of the paper of white decal film. Carefully cut out, the result is a white blank decal.
My current Boeing project uses a decal sheet that comes with white underlayer decals for some of the color decals, which include a light cream background color.
I hope that helps.