It's work, but I don't recommend it. Not only have model railroaders used hairspray as a fixative, but artists have done so as well. Art supply and craft stores sell workable and non-workable fixatives in rattle cans, but they can be pricey. Hairspray is a cheaper alternative used by many art students or artists short on cash. They apply it over their charcoal drawings or pastel paintings. I've used it to get pastels to adhere to brass--it worked, it dried rock hard.
In a way, hairspray has similarities to paint. Hairspray has a film-former (binder) and solvents. It usually has fragrances as well, which I can't stand personally. But hairspray formulas vary so much that experimentation is an absolute must.
So yeah, it will work, but I wouldn't recommend it for an entire model. Hairspray is made to last a day at most, and is designed to be easily washed away. These aren't qualities I'd want for a finish. Better to stick with something meant to last. The artist grade fixatives would be a better choice, but their ingredient list resembles a spray lacquer, which leads us back to dullcote.
Personally, I haven't had good luck using thinner as a fixer. It is better than nothing, but it doesn't leave a protective film when it evaporates. I have used AK Interactive pigment fixer and Humbrol matte cote with greater success, but those products can also alter the appearance of the powders. I've given up on using weathering powder/pastels for things like dusting and staining, preferring to dry brush with oil paints instead. The oil paint has it's own fixer built right in!