Making Parrels? References, Sizes, Materials, Etc.?

David,

I believe that the three basic references we have shared on this site to have the best diagrams and descriptions of parrels/parrals (Both spellings are used in these three).

1. Anderson, R.C.,The rigging of ships in the days of the spritsail topmast, 1600-1720. pp140-143.  

2. Campbell, G. F., The neophyte shipmodeller's jackstay. pp 43-44.

3. Mondfeld, W., Historic ship models. p 312.

I am sure that there are other references that might have greater detail, but I do not have them.  I have also written an email to Chuck Pasaro and posted a thread on the NRG modelshipworld website posing your question.  I hope that it helps!

Bill 

DavidK

 Why don't you contact Bluejacket Shipcrafters ? They can guide you in this quest .  T.B.

Unfortunately the Anderson and Mondfeld books seem to be the only ones (in the English language, at least) that take up French practices. Modelers of English/British ships are cared for much better, by James Lees's "The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War, 1620-1865." It was published about 40 years ago by the Conway Maritime Press, of London; the Naval Institute Press sold an American edition. I have no idea how hard it is to find nowadays. My old copy is really showing its age.

I suspect there wasn't much, if any, difference between French and English parrels in the seventeenth century. (By the way, either spelling is correct.) I'd recommend getting hold of a copy of Lees's book (if possible) and using it as a starting point.

I continue to suspect that there are some good, French-language publications that we just don't hear about. We do, of course, have the wonderful books of Jean Boudriot, but so far as I know they only deal with the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. [later edit: I found several used copies at www.bookfinder.com . The prices were around $38.00. Thats pretty reasonable, I think.]

Good luck.

Bluejacket offers glass "parrel beads." That's it.

Bluejacket caters almost exclusively to American subjects. I'm a big fan.

I wasn't sure ;

   Methinks that there isn't much info , except what you mention. Parrels / Parrals  Do vary and I have found they aren't covered well in the HECABOP Kits !   T.B. 

Half Price Books has "The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War, 1620-1865." for sale for $37

Dave..just remember..a Parrel is just a roller bearing that allows the yard to roll up and down the mast securely.  Rolling wood(balls) placed between the wood (raceway) slats.  Rope binds it all together and to the spar.  I have lots of modleing books with them designed in them.

Rob("The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War, 1620-1865."  is on sale at HPB)

A question for the physicists.

(Newtonian).

when a big square sail is loaded up from over the stern. How does the force translate to the hull?

in no particular order, braces, sheets and clews. Parrel take any load?

I'm no physicist, but the answer is yes.

The running rigging is designed to control the sail - to set and furl it, and to adjust it relative to the wind. The sail (by means of the robands) pulls the yard, the yard (by means of the parrrel or, later, truss) pulls the mast, the mast pulls the shrouds and backstays, and they, by way of the chain plates, pull the ship through the water.

The lower shrouds are among the heaviest lines in the ship. The braces are relatively light by comparison, because they aren't subjected to such enormous forces. And under normal circumstances the braces are somewhat slack, whereas the shrouds and backstays are bar taut (at least those on the weather side).

The sheets stretch the sail downward. They do get subjected to powerful forces; the lower and topsail sheets are about the same weight as their respective shrouds. The clew lines just "clew up" the Lowe corners of the sail when it's being furled. 

Indeed that all makes good sense.

Which set the mind to wander.

On a fore and aft rig like a big schooner, made to sail any which way within limits, the forestays realy earn their keep. On my America, the forestay is almost 4" in diameter ( a "ten inch line").

Mr. Passaro provided a beautiful length of rope.

David,

Here's a page from Lee's The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War 1625 to 1860.

I hope it's relevant.

your library is incredible mike

Steve, could you possibly post a copy of p.168? That's the one that gives the proportions of the parrel ribs and "trucks" (rollers). There's enough material there to answer Dave's original query pretty effectively.

Again, please do remember that Mr. Lees is talking specifically about English ships. But I don't think the French did things much differently in this case.

As for making the parrels - I like to start with a piece of Evergreen strip styrene as wide and thick as the finished parrel truck. I recommend drilling the holes in it as the first step. Then chop off the individual ribs, and finally file the various curves in them. Small beads, whether from Bluejacket or your local craft store, will make good trucks.

It would be ridiculously easy for a kit manufacturer to mold nice, uniform parrel ribs. But unless I'm mistaken (as I may well be, of course) the only kits that take a stab at are the later Airfix ones. They have parrels molded integrally with the masts. That means they can't have more than three ribs - but at least the designers understood the prototype and made an effort.

How anybody who doesn't know that yards are attached to masts could tell somebody else how to build a ship model, and then charge him several hundred dollars for the privilege...well, the world doesn't need another one of my usual anti-Heller rants.

David,

One respondant posted the following on the Modelshipworld site:

Lees gives the following information on page 168 of his Masting and Rigging English Ships of War 1625-1860.   I paraphrase  ->

The lower yards had three rows of trucks and the others two rows. Except for the sprit topsail and topgallant yards, the length of the ribs on the lower parrels were one and a half times the diameter of the diameter of the yard.   For the sprit topsail and topgallant yards they were twice the diameter of the yard. The depth of the ribs was equal to the diameter of the trucks, and the width of the ribs was a quarter the diameter of the trucks.  The trucks' diameter was one fifth the ribs length on parrels of three rows and one third the length of parrels of two rows. The length of the trucks was one and a quarter times their diameter.  

Bill 

Hi,

I think the 2mm beads will do for me for a 1/100 scale model (not sure if there are smaller ones out there)

I've tried to find what I have at the moment, from 74 gun ship, Marquard, and so on.  It looks like things changed over time, e.g. the 74 gun ship didn't have parrels on fore and main yards, only top (?) and topgallant yards.

Here are illustrations form 74 gun ship which shows late 18th C French practice.

74 gun ship main yard with truss-parrel

Paris shows parrels on the main yard for "Royal Louis"/"Louis XV"

mainmast

foremast

AOTS Caroline (a much smaller ship)

strop

Marquardt continental parrels

"Royal Louis"/"Louis XV" model

I'll thow in Mary Rose as these have dimensions

jtilley

I'm no physicist, but the answer is yes.

The running rigging is designed to control the sail - to set and furl it, and to adjust it relative to the wind. The sail (by means of the to ands) pulls the yard, the yard (by means of the parrrel or, later, truss) pulls the mast, the mast pulls the shrouds and backstays, and they, by way of the chain plates, pull the ship through the water.

The lower shrouds are among the heaviest lines in the ship. The braces are relatively light by comparison, because they aren't subjected to such enormous forces. And under normal circumstances the braces are somewhat slack, whereas the shrouds and backstays are bar taught (at least those on the weather side).

The sheets stretch the sail downward. They do get subjected to powerful forces; the lower and topsail sheets are about the same weight as their respective shrouds. The clew lines just "clew up" the Lowe corners of the sail when it's being furled. 

 

I'm a physicist and concur with everything you say.  Good analysis.  To put things in aviation terms, the parrels take the total force component, both lift and drag.  The braces take the moment load, the twisting of the sail due to center of pressure not coinciding with the center of the sail where it attaches to mast (square sails, not lateen).

Thanks, Don. Spell checker did inject one bit of jibberish into my post. "By means of the to ands" should read "by means of the robands." When I type on my I-Phone some checking program kicks in automatically. I cuss at it a lot when it does things like this, but I imagine my posts would be even worse Without it.

Dave, I do believe that, thanks to Mike and Cerberus, you now have just about everything there is to answer your question. Interesting stuff.

Well Done, Gentlemen!!

You see, this is a great example of how online forums allow us to propel and support each other with the sharing of information...bravo!

Yes, I think there is plenty of info for me to start making some plans...I have some various thicknesses of Evergreen Styrene sheet, and I can come up with some beads at the local craft store...

Not sure I'll go to the lengths of exactitute put forth in some of the reference material, but I will definitely make good use of the drawings and use the proportions to help me keep things more or less the correct size and shape!

Again, thanks so much for coming together to help!  For myself, and for others in the future who will undoubtedly find this thread helpful!  Thank You!

Also, once I make some progress with my parrel adventure, I'll be sure to snap some pics and take some notes to share here.

Dave

Something to add:

Of course, there's always some discrepancy between sources, especially when the *cold hard facts* aren't documented well from certain timeframes....

While I was doing some browsing through my own limited library, some of the points I found were at odds with some figures listed so far on this thread.  For example, and I think it was Mondfeld (whom I don't take as gospel) gave parrel rib sizes as being equal to the diameter of the yard to which they're associated...seems like an easy rule of thumb, though a previous post here gave much more varying proportions, each based on certain yards and masts (if I recall correctly).

Also, and this may come from Mondfeld or Anderson (don't have the books in front of me), it seems like the sprit yard had no parrel, nor did the crossjack yard of the mizzen...they are said to have slings?

Anyway, just thought it was worth mentioning...and it's possible I misinterpreted something...

I'll probably make a few different sizes of parrels, all either 2 or 3 rows of trucks each, based on some proportion of the yards.  It occurs to me that some of the smaller yards are very, very narrow, compared to the main yard for example...so adhering to a rib=yard diameter would be impossible, since the topgallant yards can be barely bigger around than a single bead itself!  By the way, would there be different sizes of trucks?  Different Bead Sizes, depending on the yard?  I guess my biggest focus for the parrel project is to avoid having some parrels that look proportionate, and then others that are obviously way too out of scale, and looking super-large...

*thinking into the keyboard again* :)

Updates to follow.

Dave

Oops, just read through Cerberus' last post (which is packed with good info!) and saw that there have been found many different sizes of trucks per ship.  I think for my part, I'll settle on a couple of different sizes.

D

I agree, this is a great thread.

For what it's worth, Mr. Lees says 9regarding British practice): "The parrels for the yards comprised ribs and trucks, those on the lower yards made of of three rows of trucks, and the other parrels made up of two. The length of the ribs on the lower parrels were one and a half times the diameter of the yard, those on the mizen yard, the topsail yards (except the sprit topsail and the spritsail yard were one and a half times the diameter of their yards; finally those on the sprit topsail, and all the topgallant yards, were twice the diameter. The depth of the ribs was equal to the diameter of the trucks and the width of the ribs was a quarter the diameter of the trucks. The trucks' diameter was one fifth the rib's length on parrels of three rows, and one third the length on parrels of two rows. The length of the trucks was one and a quarter times their diameter. A hole was bored through the trucks to take the parrel rope; holes were also bored through the ribs for the same purpose. The trucks were positioned so that 1/2 inch of truck protruded beyond the back of the rib. There was a slight cavity in the ribs in the way of the trucks. Though the above description may sound complicated, reference to the illustration should clarify the situation. Parrels for the gaff and boom did not require ribs; the trucks were similar to the others and were about three eighths the diameter of the gaff or boom."

Got all that?

This book got published just in time for me to use it for my Hancock model. I plodded my way through the whole thing. Fortunately Radio Shack started selling a little calculator that works in feet, inches, and fractions at just about the same time. (I still have it; it still works perfectly after 30+ years.) That calculator saved my sanity (or at least a little of it). Several companies now make such calculators; they're available at Lowe's and even Wal-Mart for a fraction of the price I paid back in the eighties. And most of them have metric/imperial conversion built in. Very highly recommended.

One curious detail I notice in all these splendid drawings: the English drawings generally show the parrel ribs with graceful curves, where as those in the French drawings are more angular. Whether that was universally true I have no idea; I doubt it. 

Bottom line: if you put three rows of beads on the lower yard parrels and two on all the others, and if the beads don't look oversized, you'll be working to a far higher standard of accuracy than the Heller designers did.

[Later edit: well, now that I've spent ten minutes meticulously copying all that stuff from Lees's book I remember that Warshipguy already quoted it a few posts up. Well, .]

In truth, Heller wasn't the only kit designer that omitted parrels. Most sailing ship kits attach the yards with some sort of bracket designed to fit into slots at specific places on the masts, thereby preventing the full-sized yard from being hoisted and lowered.  Indeed, Revell of Germany designed the yards on their 1/150(?) USS United States to pass through the masts!  I think that it is therefore fair to say that no manufacturer has gotten this part of ship modeling right.

I believe that I prefer Heller's approach to that of other designers; let the builder construct parrels without performing surgery on the masts and yards.  It is simply this modeler's preference. 

Bill

Anderson says there was no parrel on the crossjack on the mizzen mast, or at least it was unusual to fit one:-

IIRC he says that a parrel on the bowsprit is a luxury as the yard couldn't move very far, but later says they were undoubtably used.  Having said that, I haven't seen one on a French model, but have come across it in Dutch practice

Nicolaes Witsenand

Shipbuilding in the Dutch Golden Age

The yard was held to the mast by the parrel. The parrel consisted of lines rove through trucks and ribs, the ends of which were bent to blocks (28 and 48); the parrel fall rove through these blocks belayed at the foot of the mast.

Mainmast

1 Parrel with 3 rows of trucks.

Foremast

1 Parrel with 3 rows of trucks.

Mizzen

1 block for parrel (but no mention of a parrel.)

To the Bowsprit.

1 Parrel.

Main topmast

1 Parrel.

Fore topmast

1 Parrel.

Main topgallant

1 Parrel.

Fore topgallant

no mention of a parrel

Mizzen topmast

1 Parrel.

Bowsprit topmast

1 Parrel.

The ribs of the main topsail parrel are 16 inches, combined with 10 Trucks of 8 inches. For the topsail parrel (fore?), the ribs are 14 inches. For the mizzen parrel the ribs are 16 inches. A main parrel is 3 feet. A fore parrel is 2 1⁄2 feet.

The parrel fall blocks are of 16 or 17 inches, 12 in number, and are used for the parrels of the three masts.

The French did have different size of trucks in the C.17th as can be seen here from Boudriot's l'Ambitieux:-

The largest truck is about 4mm at 1/48th scale.

"Victory" had more sausage-shaped trucks (topmast and topgallant only), these dimensions match Lees' proportions pretty well. From AOTS "Victory"

Well, I now have about 4 pages of notes, and several of these posted images saved to my computer!  I went ahead and made some rough size charts for all the parrels I'll need (it ends up being a lot of small parts when added up!)....I still have yard blocks to attach, and I have to start working on some sail material techniques....but I could go ahead and focus on parrels for now....

Here's my next question:  How many ribs/trucks do I use per row?  Some pics show a parrel extending about halfway around the mast, but some seem to go all the way from the yard, around the mast, and nearly abutting the yard on the other side?

I'm thinking if I go with about 6 ribs and 7 trucks I should be about halfway around the mainmast (my beads are pretty small)...should be good?  Even at that, I'll still be custom cutting about 54 ribs for the various yards....seems a bit daunting.  Hoping I can figure out a good ol' production line-style to make things go quickly, and most important, to achieve a uniform finished product.

Anyway, thanks again for everyone coming through with the good info!

Go team!

Dave

Wow, Cerberusjf beat me to posting the only other image I thought might be of use - he posted a zillion useful images!

When I was toying with the idea of building my Le Glorieux kit about 4 or 5 years ago I drove up to Portland to photocopy some pages from Jean Boudriot's masterful work on French 74's - There were no copies in the libraries here in Salem that I could find. I can't afford the book - it's quite expensive. Anyway, the one page I photocopied that might have helped David has already been posted but just to be clear about the image to which I refer, here it is again.

Terrific pic...that clarifies things a lot!

So, here's where I decided to start:

I made a gauge/jig to help me determine the numbers of trucks and ribs I'll need for each yard/mast instance.

It's basically a false yard with a number of beads alternated with everygreen sheet (.020")...I made it long enough to go around the lower main mast, knwoing that all others will be thinner and thus require fewer trucks/ribs.

Then I simply hold the *yard* up the mast and draw the beads and styrene around the mast, and voila!  Now I know that I need 11 beads and 10 ribs for the main yard!

Now I can hold that yard up to any position of any mast, and by pulling the string around, I can tell how many beads and ribs I'll need for that yard by how many of each overlap.

For example, the sprit topsail yard only requires 3 beads and 2 ribs....

Good day everybody,

Thanks to David, for this interesting discussion...

For my model parrels I used information/general idea, from this book , and all proportions just were taken from the drwngs...

and than construction was much simplified,just follow technical idea of this device-to hold yard agains the mast, and possibilities to be slacken when it is ness-ry ,for that I made two tackles

for parrel fabrication I used piece of waisted plastic(instant noodles container,s cap) and so called ,"japanese beads", due to its small size ,approx of 1.3 mm in diam. it was quite suitable for my scale...there was more simplification -all parrels have the same beads diameters...

to adjust parrels ropes lenght I used almost the same way,as Daviv did....but instead of model mast, piece of plastic of right diam. was used

Thanks, Kirill, that's very good information!

I started by cutting styrene sheet into small rectangles, and then began trying to shape and drill each individually....as you might guess, it was difficult to get consistent results.

For one thing, the parts are so small that handling them is very tricky.

I think I like your idea of tracing out all the dimensions while they are still a single piece of sheet styrene....then I can drill them, notch them, and only cut them off of the sheet when they are almost finished, performing final shaping as they are removed in small batches.

Back to square one!

Thanks!

Dave

Hi David,

Good, if you found it useful... I did them finish shape, also roundig edges by fine file ,and after that,just cut them into pieces and paint...regarding simplification of parrel rigging...when sails attached to the yard and everything installed at place, there is not possible to see ,haw is actual this ropes situated...the only tackles at the mast base you can see clear...actually , to attach lower parrel tackle block to deck by means of long sling,it was my idea, supposed it should be attached to the main stay loop,or to the mast...like here, William Rex model

" target="">