Silentmodeler,
Paint the kit in subassemblies as mph34 is suggesting. That worked out well for me as I was building my plane, especially as I could add the wings, tail fins, stabilizers, and engine exhausts after everything else was done.
Parking on the carrier can take place pretty much anywhere. Typically two catapults have planes ready for launch in case of a threat (these are called the alert 5 and alert 15 aircraft as they can launch within five or fifteen minutes). Anyway, wings were only swept fully forward just before launch (once the plane is in place on the catapult), and then for landing; moments after coming to a stop, the wings were folded back again.
For the weapons load with the TARPS pod, they vaguely show this configuration in the directions. You would install the two part launcher under on the wing gloves and then install the front Phoenix pallets. The typical load would be two sidewinder missiles and two sparrow missiles on the wing launchers and the front pallets would be left empty. The missiles and pallets were all in place to help maintain the plane's center of gravity, so they needed to be installed.
One suggestion on the "ready for takeoff" look. Use the shorter nose gear in the Hasegawa kit. Prior to launch the plane would "setle" into its launch pose by collapsing the nose gear and lowering the catapult tow bar.
From your previous question, I do not know of any easy way to build a catapult. As I mentioned previously, I have the kit that Verlinden made, but I have never seen any others available. Dragon (DML) put out a couple of 1/144 scale kits a few years ago that had a small section of the flight deck that included a catapult. The hardest part would be recreating the jet blast deflectors. One suggestion would be to have the wings swept back as though the plane were in line pulling up to the catapult. This would prevent you from having to recreate a launch rail and JBD. I was already thinking along the lines of what mph34 suggested with using my flight deck section to replicate the landing area and to have a plane touching down and just about to grab an arresting wire. The trick will be to have the plane sitting on the back wheels only, as the front wheels do not hit until the tailhook grabs a wire (or after the plane has missed all of the wires).
Feel free to keep the questions rolling.